Best Hotels Near Mumbai International Airport
Hey everyone! So you're flying into or out of Mumbai's Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport (CSMIA) and wondering about the best places to crash nearby? Don't sweat it, guys! Finding the perfect hotel near the airport can seriously make or break your trip, whether you're there for a quick layover, an early morning flight, or a late-night arrival. We've all been there – that stressful scramble to find a decent spot when you're tired and maybe a little jet-lagged. But worry not, because I've done the legwork for you and rounded up some of the absolute best hotels that are conveniently located near CSMIA. We're talking about places that offer comfort, convenience, and maybe even a touch of luxury to make your airport experience a breeze. So, let's dive into where you can get some quality shut-eye without the added drama of a long commute to or from the airport.
Why Stay Near the Airport? Convenience is King!
Let's be real, when you're dealing with Mumbai International Airport, convenience is the name of the game. Imagine this: you have an super early flight, like 5 AM. The thought of waking up at 2 AM, getting ready, and then battling Mumbai traffic just to reach the airport? Nightmare fuel, right? Staying at a hotel near the airport drastically cuts down that travel time. You can literally roll out of bed, grab a quick breakfast, and be at your terminal in minutes. This is a lifesaver, especially for business travelers who need to be sharp and refreshed for meetings, or for families traveling with kids who might not appreciate an early morning panic. Plus, many of these hotels offer airport shuttle services, which is a huge bonus. No more haggling with taxi drivers or trying to decipher confusing public transport routes when you're already exhausted. You just hop on the hotel's shuttle, and boom – you're there. It saves you time, reduces stress, and honestly, just makes the whole travel experience so much smoother. Think of the extra sleep you'll get! That's priceless when you're on the go. And it's not just about the early flights; if you have a late-night arrival, especially if your flight gets delayed (which, let's face it, can happen!), knowing you have a comfortable bed just a few minutes away is incredibly reassuring. You can relax, unwind, and not worry about navigating unfamiliar streets in the dark. So, if you value your time and sanity, choosing a hotel near CSMIA is a no-brainer. It’s all about maximizing comfort and minimizing travel hassles, ensuring you start or end your journey on a high note.
The Luxury Lane: 5-Star Stays for a Pampered Experience
Alright, let's talk about treating yourself! If you're looking to indulge and want a truly luxurious experience near Mumbai International Airport, there are some incredible 5-star options that will make you feel like royalty. These places aren't just about a bed; they're about an entire experience designed for comfort, elegance, and top-notch service. The Grand Hyatt Mumbai is a perennial favorite, and for good reason. While it's not immediately adjacent, it's a short drive and offers a sanctuary of calm amidst the city's buzz. Think spacious, elegantly appointed rooms, multiple world-class dining options (perfect if you have a long layover and want to explore some amazing cuisine), a stunning outdoor pool to help you relax, and a fully equipped fitness center. The service here is impeccable, as you'd expect from a Hyatt. Another fantastic option is The Lalit Mumbai. This hotel is renowned for its grand architecture and opulent interiors. It's conveniently located and boasts spacious suites, a beautiful outdoor pool, and a variety of restaurants serving everything from Indian delicacies to international favorites. The staff are known for their exceptional hospitality, making you feel welcome and well taken care of from the moment you step in. For those seeking sheer opulence, JW Marriott Mumbai Sahar is an absolute knockout. Located very close to the airport, this hotel offers sophisticated rooms, a breathtaking atrium, an outdoor pool that’s perfect for unwinding, and several high-end dining venues. The amenities are top-notch, and the service is consistently praised for its attentiveness. These hotels are perfect if you're looking for more than just a place to sleep. They offer a chance to recharge in style, maybe catch up on work in a comfortable business center, or even enjoy a spa treatment before your flight. They provide a seamless transition from the hustle of the airport to the comfort of a plush room, ensuring you're rested and ready for whatever comes next. It’s the ultimate way to upgrade your airport hotel experience, guys!
Grand Hyatt Mumbai: A Touch of Class
Let's dive a little deeper into why the Grand Hyatt Mumbai is such a stellar choice, even if it requires a short taxi or ride-share to get there from the airport. This isn't just a hotel; it's a destination in itself. The moment you enter, you're greeted by a sense of grandeur and spaciousness that immediately sets it apart. The rooms are where the luxury truly shines. They are meticulously designed, offering plush bedding, modern amenities, and often stunning views of the city or the hotel's beautiful grounds. You'll find everything you need for a comfortable stay, whether it's for a single night or a longer period. But the Grand Hyatt is about more than just the rooms. The culinary scene here is absolutely divine. With several restaurants and bars, you can embark on a gastronomic journey without even leaving the property. From authentic Indian cuisine at 'Celeste' to international delights, there's something to satisfy every palate. And if you need to de-stress or burn off some travel energy, the expansive outdoor swimming pool is a glorious oasis. Surrounded by lush landscaping, it’s the perfect spot to take a dip, lounge with a book, or simply soak up the sun. For the fitness enthusiasts, the state-of-the-art fitness center is fully equipped to handle any workout routine. Business travelers will also appreciate the comprehensive business facilities, including meeting rooms and a business center, ensuring productivity isn't sacrificed. The service is, as expected from a Hyatt, absolutely top-notch. The staff are trained to anticipate your needs, offering discreet yet attentive service that makes your stay feel effortless. They are incredibly helpful with arranging transportation, providing local recommendations, or ensuring any special requests are met. Staying at the Grand Hyatt Mumbai isn't just about proximity to the airport; it's about experiencing a high level of comfort, service, and amenities that elevate your entire travel experience. It’s the kind of place that makes you almost wish your flight was delayed!
The Lalit Mumbai: Opulence and Hospitality
Next up on our luxury tour is The Lalit Mumbai, another gem that offers an experience steeped in grandeur and warm Indian hospitality. Situated conveniently close to the airport, this hotel makes accessing your flight or settling in after arrival incredibly easy. What strikes you first about The Lalit is its magnificent architecture and the sheer opulence of its interiors. It feels grand from the get-go, with spacious lobbies and elegant decor that hints at the luxury awaiting you. The rooms and suites are where this opulence continues. They are generously sized, beautifully furnished, and equipped with all the modern amenities you’d expect from a high-end hotel. Think comfortable beds, sleek bathrooms, and quiet environments perfect for restful sleep. But The Lalit is more than just a pretty face; it’s about providing a holistic guest experience. Food lovers, rejoice! The hotel boasts a variety of dining options, allowing you to savor different cuisines without venturing far. Whether you're craving traditional Indian flavors or international dishes, you'll find something to tantalize your taste buds. And when it's time to unwind, their beautiful outdoor swimming pool offers a refreshing escape. Imagine floating in the pool, the Mumbai heat melting away – pure bliss! For those who need to stay active, the fitness center is well-equipped. The hotel also understands the needs of business travelers, offering excellent business services and meeting facilities. What truly sets The Lalit apart, however, is its legendary hospitality. The staff here go above and beyond to ensure every guest feels cherished and well-cared for. Their attentiveness, warmth, and efficiency contribute significantly to the overall luxurious feel of the stay. They are always ready with a smile, a helpful suggestion, or assistance with any request, making your transition through the airport seamless and pleasant. The Lalit Mumbai truly combines lavish surroundings with genuine warmth, making it a standout choice for anyone seeking a premium airport hotel experience.
JW Marriott Mumbai Sahar: Modern Elegance Near the Runway
And then there's the JW Marriott Mumbai Sahar, a hotel that truly embodies modern elegance and is incredibly conveniently located just a stone's throw from the airport terminals. If you're looking for a sophisticated stay that blends luxury with ultimate convenience, this is your spot, guys. The first thing you'll notice is the striking contemporary design and the impressive atrium that creates a sense of grandeur upon arrival. The vibe is chic, modern, and incredibly welcoming. The rooms at JW Marriott Sahar are designed with the discerning traveler in mind. They are spacious, impeccably decorated with contemporary furnishings, and offer plush bedding that guarantees a good night's sleep. High-speed Wi-Fi, state-of-the-art entertainment systems, and luxurious bathrooms complete the picture, ensuring every comfort is catered for. It's the perfect urban retreat after a long flight or before an early departure. When it comes to dining, the JW Marriott Sahar doesn't disappoint. It features several excellent restaurants and bars, each offering a unique culinary experience. From fine dining to more casual options, you can explore a world of flavors right within the hotel. And let's not forget the stunning outdoor swimming pool – it’s a fantastic place to relax, soak up some sun, or enjoy a refreshing swim. For those needing to maintain their fitness routine, the well-equipped gym is ready for action. The hotel also provides comprehensive business facilities, catering to the needs of corporate travelers with meeting rooms and executive lounges. But beyond the physical amenities, the JW Marriott Mumbai Sahar excels in its impeccable service. The staff are known for their professionalism, attentiveness, and genuine desire to make your stay memorable. They are efficient, friendly, and always on hand to assist with anything you might need, from arranging airport transfers to providing recommendations for exploring the city. It’s the perfect blend of modern luxury, ultimate convenience, and exceptional service, making it a top contender for anyone needing a hotel near Mumbai International Airport.
Mid-Range Marvels: Comfort and Value Combined
Now, let's shift gears to hotels that offer a fantastic balance of comfort, excellent amenities, and great value. These are the places that won't break the bank but will still provide a seriously comfortable and convenient stay near the airport. You get a lot of bang for your buck here, making them perfect for savvy travelers who appreciate quality without the splurge. Think of these as the sweet spot – comfortable, well-equipped, and perfectly positioned for easy airport access. We're talking about places that understand you need a good night's sleep, decent food options, and smooth transfers without paying a premium just for the location. These hotels often cater to both business and leisure travelers, so they usually have reliable Wi-Fi, comfortable workspaces in the rooms, and efficient services. They might not have the opulent lobbies of the 5-star joints, but they more than make up for it with their practical, traveler-focused approach. If you're looking for a solid, reliable option that ticks all the right boxes, these mid-range hotels near CSMIA are definitely worth checking out. They prove that you don't need to spend a fortune to have a pleasant and stress-free airport experience. Let’s explore some of these awesome options that strike that perfect chord between quality and affordability.
The Orchid Hotel Mumbai: Green, Serene, and Convenient
Let's talk about The Orchid Hotel Mumbai, an establishment that often surprises guests with its blend of contemporary style, comfort, and an eco-friendly approach. It's located conveniently close to the airport, making it a super practical choice for travelers. What’s really cool about The Orchid is its commitment to being a 'Green Hotel'. They incorporate various eco-friendly practices, which is a nice touch for those who are environmentally conscious. But beyond that, the hotel offers a really pleasant stay. The rooms are well-appointed, clean, and offer all the necessary amenities for a comfortable visit. You'll find good quality beds, efficient air conditioning (a must in Mumbai!), and decent bathrooms. It’s exactly what you need after a long flight or before an early start. Dining at The Orchid is also a positive experience. They typically have a couple of in-house restaurants offering a variety of cuisines, so you don't have to venture far for a meal. The food is generally well-received, providing satisfying options for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. For relaxation, they usually have a pool area where you can unwind. While it might not be as expansive as some luxury hotels, it serves its purpose perfectly for a refreshing dip. The service at The Orchid is generally efficient and friendly. The staff are helpful with check-in/check-out, arranging transport, and answering any queries you might have. They focus on providing a smooth and hassle-free experience, which is exactly what you want when you're near an airport. It strikes a great balance between offering solid amenities, a comfortable environment, and a reasonable price point, making it a solid mid-range contender that delivers on convenience and quality.
Lemon Tree Hotel, Mumbai Airport: Vibrant and Welcoming
Next up, we have the Lemon Tree Hotel, Mumbai Airport, a brand that's known for its vibrant energy and welcoming atmosphere, and this property is no exception! It's located strategically close to the airport, making it a go-to choice for many travelers. What you'll love about Lemon Tree is its cheerful and contemporary design. The moment you walk in, you feel a sense of brightness and positivity – a welcome change from the often sterile feel of airport hotels. The rooms are modern, well-maintained, and come equipped with all the essentials for a comfortable stay. Think comfy beds, good lighting, and all the necessary amenities to make you feel at home. They manage to create a space that feels both stylish and functional. Dining at the Lemon Tree is usually a highlight. Their multi-cuisine restaurants offer a good range of dishes, and the quality is consistently good. They often have vibrant common areas and sometimes even outdoor seating, making meal times more enjoyable. You can count on them for a hearty breakfast to start your day or a satisfying dinner after a long journey. The hotel also typically features a swimming pool, offering a great way to relax and cool off. Plus, their fitness center allows you to keep up with your workout routine. What really shines at Lemon Tree is the service. The staff are incredibly friendly, proactive, and always ready with a smile. They embody the brand's 'be yourself' philosophy, creating a relaxed and genuine interaction. This friendly service, combined with the comfortable and vibrant surroundings, makes it a top choice for those looking for a mid-range hotel that feels a bit more special than the average. It’s a place where you can truly unwind and feel looked after.
Budget-Friendly Finds: Sleep Soundly Without Breaking the Bank
Okay, budget travelers, this section is for you! Sometimes, you just need a clean, safe, and comfortable place to rest your head near the airport without spending a fortune. The good news is that Mumbai offers some great budget-friendly options that still provide the essential comforts and conveniences. These hotels might be simpler in their offerings, but they excel at providing a good night's sleep and easy access to the airport. We're talking about places where the focus is on core needs: a comfortable bed, a clean bathroom, and proximity to CSMIA. You might not find lavish amenities like sprawling swimming pools or multiple fine-dining restaurants, but what you will find is value for money and a stress-free experience. These places are perfect for solo travelers, backpackers, or anyone who wants to save their cash for exploring the city rather than spending it all on a hotel room. They understand that sometimes, you just need a functional base to recharge. Many of these budget hotels also offer essential services like Wi-Fi and sometimes even basic airport pick-up or drop-off, which can be a huge plus. So, don't think that 'budget' means 'compromise'. With a little research, you can find some fantastic spots that offer a great night's sleep and are perfectly located for your flight needs. Let's check out some of the top picks in this category that prove you can sleep well and save money!
Keys Select Hotel white house: Simple, Clean, and Close
If you're searching for a straightforward, no-frills option that prioritizes cleanliness and location, look no further than the Keys Select Hotel white house. This hotel is a fantastic choice for budget-conscious travelers needing to be close to Mumbai International Airport. Its main selling points are its simplicity, cleanliness, and excellent proximity to the airport. The rooms are typically clean, well-maintained, and provide the basic necessities for a comfortable stay. You can expect a comfortable bed, a private bathroom, and basic amenities that ensure you can rest and refresh. While it might not boast extensive décor or high-end furnishings, it delivers exactly what it promises: a clean and functional space to sleep. The focus here is on providing a solid, dependable stay without unnecessary frills. Dining options might be more limited compared to larger hotels, but they usually offer basic meals, or you're just a short ride away from various eateries. The key advantage is the convenience – you can get to the airport very quickly, saving you time and travel stress. Service is usually efficient and friendly, with staff focused on making your check-in and check-out process smooth. They understand the needs of travelers who are often on the move. For those looking for a clean, safe, and conveniently located hotel near the airport that won't drain their wallet, the Keys Select Hotel white house is a highly recommended option. It perfectly embodies the 'budget-friendly' ethos by focusing on essential comforts and prime location.
Ginger Mumbai, Santacruz: Reliable and Accessible
Another solid contender in the budget-friendly category is the Ginger Mumbai, Santacruz. This hotel chain is known for offering reliable and accessible accommodation, and this property near the airport is a prime example. Ginger hotels focus on providing a clean, comfortable, and hassle-free experience, making them a popular choice for travelers looking for good value. The rooms are typically modern, compact, and equipped with all the essential amenities you need for a short stay. Expect comfortable beds, clean bathrooms, and good Wi-Fi connectivity, allowing you to rest or catch up on work. The design is usually smart and functional, making the most of the available space. While dining might be simpler, they generally offer good quality meals, often including a satisfactory breakfast buffet. The hotel's location is, of course, a major plus, offering easy access to Mumbai International Airport. This convenience factor is crucial for anyone trying to minimize travel time and stress. The service at Ginger hotels is known for being efficient and professional. The staff are generally helpful and ensure that guests have a smooth and pleasant stay. They are adept at handling the needs of travelers, from quick check-ins to assisting with transportation. The Ginger Mumbai, Santacruz is a great example of a budget hotel that doesn't compromise on essential quality and convenience. It’s a reliable option for travelers who want a comfortable stay and easy airport access without overspending.
Factors to Consider When Choosing Your Airport Hotel
So, you're looking for a hotel near Mumbai International Airport, and you're bombarded with options. How do you pick the right one? Don't worry, guys, it's not as complicated as it seems! We need to think about a few key things to make sure you get the best bang for your buck and the most comfortable stay possible. First off, proximity to the airport is obviously a huge deal. How close is it really? Is it a 5-minute walk, a 10-minute drive, or a 30-minute battle with traffic? Check the actual travel time during the hours you'll be traveling. Some hotels might seem close on the map but are actually tricky to get to due to road layouts or congestion. Next up, think about transportation options. Does the hotel offer a free airport shuttle? If so, what are the timings? Is it frequent? If not, how easy and affordable is it to get a taxi or an auto-rickshaw? Some hotels are located in areas where hailing a cab can be a challenge, so knowing this in advance is key. Then there's comfort and amenities. What do you need? If you have an early flight, a super comfortable bed and blackout curtains are essential. If you're on a layover and want to relax, a pool or a decent lounge area might be important. Free Wi-Fi is a must for most people these days, whether for work or staying connected. Consider the noise levels too. Airport hotels can sometimes be noisy due to air traffic or general hustle and bustle. Reading recent reviews can give you a good idea of how quiet the rooms actually are. Finally, price and value. Set a budget and stick to it. Compare prices across different platforms and look for deals. Remember that the cheapest option isn't always the best if it compromises too much on comfort or convenience. Weigh the cost against the benefits – sometimes spending a little extra for a better shuttle service or a quieter room is totally worth it. By considering these factors, you can make an informed decision and find the perfect airport hotel that suits your needs and budget.
Airport Shuttle Services: Your Lifeline to the Terminals
When you're choosing a hotel near Mumbai International Airport, one of the most crucial amenities to consider, hands down, is the airport shuttle service. Seriously, guys, this can be a total game-changer, especially if you're dealing with an inconvenient flight time or just want to make your journey as seamless as possible. Think about it: you've just landed after a long flight, you're tired, maybe a bit disoriented, and the last thing you want to do is navigate the chaos of finding a taxi or deciphering public transport. A reliable shuttle service offered by your hotel means you can step off the plane and head straight to a designated pick-up point where a comfortable van or bus is waiting for you. It's pure convenience! Many hotels offer this service complimentary, which is a massive bonus for your budget. However, it's super important to check the details beforehand. What are the shuttle's operating hours? Some run 24/7, which is ideal, while others might have limited hours, usually coinciding with peak travel times. How frequent are the pick-ups and drop-offs? You don't want to be waiting an hour in the heat or the middle of the night. Is it a shared shuttle or a private one? This can impact the travel time. Always, always read recent reviews or call the hotel directly to confirm the shuttle's reliability and schedule. For departures, knowing your hotel shuttle runs frequently and on time can give you immense peace of mind, ensuring you reach your terminal without any last-minute panic. It transforms the often-stressful transition to and from the airport into a smooth, comfortable, and efficient part of your travel experience. It's one of those simple things that can make a huge difference.
Noise Levels and Sleep Quality: Don't Let the Roar Ruin Your Rest
This is a big one, especially for airport hotels: noise levels and sleep quality. Let's be honest, airport surroundings aren't exactly known for their tranquility. You've got the constant hum of aircraft, the bustle of ground operations, and the general comings and goings of travelers. If you're a light sleeper, this can be a serious concern and could ruin your much-needed rest. While proximity to the airport is a major plus, it can also be the source of significant noise. When you're booking, pay close attention to recent guest reviews. Many travelers will specifically mention noise issues. Look for comments about aircraft noise, especially if your room faces the runways. Some hotels might have better soundproofing than others, or certain room locations might be inherently quieter (e.g., rooms on higher floors, rooms facing away from the airport). Don't hesitate to contact the hotel directly to inquire about their soundproofing measures or to request a room that is specifically noted as being quiet or facing away from the airport. Some hotels might offer earplugs at the reception, which can be a lifesaver. Ultimately, a good night's sleep is paramount, especially when you're traveling. Getting proper rest will ensure you're refreshed and ready for your next flight or your onward journey. Prioritizing hotels known for their quiet rooms or taking proactive steps like requesting a specific room type can make all the difference between a restful night and a sleep-deprived struggle. It’s all about finding that balance between convenience and peace.
Booking Your Stay: Tips for the Savvy Traveler
Alright, you've narrowed down your options, you know what you're looking for – now it's time to book! Booking the right airport hotel can be just as important as picking the right flight. To make sure you're getting the best deal and the best experience, here are some savvy traveler tips. Firstly, book in advance, especially if you're traveling during peak seasons or holidays. Airport hotels can fill up quickly, and last-minute bookings often come with higher prices and fewer choices. Booking ahead secures your spot and often allows you to snag better rates. Secondly, compare prices across different platforms. Use major booking sites like Booking.com, Agoda, Expedia, and also check the hotel's direct website. Sometimes, hotels offer exclusive deals or loyalty program benefits when you book directly. Don't forget to look for package deals that might include airport transfers or breakfast – these can often offer better value than booking services separately. Thirdly, read the fine print. Pay attention to cancellation policies, check-in/check-out times, and any additional fees (like resort fees or taxes) that might not be immediately obvious. Understanding these details can save you from unwelcome surprises. Fourth, consider joining hotel loyalty programs. If you stay frequently at a particular hotel chain, signing up for their loyalty program can earn you points, discounts, free upgrades, or other perks that enhance your stay. Finally, don't be afraid to negotiate or ask for special requests when booking directly, especially if you have specific needs like a quiet room or late check-out. A little communication can go a long way! By following these tips, you'll be well on your way to booking the perfect airport hotel that’s both convenient and affordable, ensuring a smooth start or end to your travels, guys.
Leverage Online Reviews: What Other Travelers Say
In today's world, online reviews are your best friend when it comes to booking accommodation, and this is especially true for hotels near busy hubs like Mumbai International Airport. Forget relying solely on glossy brochures or marketing descriptions; real traveler experiences offer invaluable insights. Platforms like TripAdvisor, Google Reviews, Booking.com, and even travel blogs are packed with firsthand accounts. When you're reading reviews, look for recurring themes. Are multiple guests mentioning the same positive aspects (e.g., friendly staff, clean rooms, great breakfast)? Conversely, are there consistent complaints about issues like noise, slow Wi-Fi, or poor service? Pay special attention to reviews from travelers who seem to have similar needs to yours – perhaps they were on a short layover, traveling with family, or on a business trip. Focus on recent reviews as hotel conditions and services can change over time. Also, look for reviews that are detailed and provide specific examples, rather than just vague statements. Don't just look at the star rating; delve into the comments to understand why guests rated the hotel a certain way. Some platforms even allow you to filter reviews by traveler type or trip purpose, which can be incredibly helpful. Ultimately, leveraging online reviews empowers you to make a more informed decision, helping you avoid potential pitfalls and ensuring you choose a hotel that genuinely meets your expectations for comfort, convenience, and value. It’s like getting insider tips from hundreds of fellow travelers!
Understanding Star Ratings and Guest Scores
Navigating hotel choices can sometimes feel like deciphering a secret code, and star ratings and guest scores are a big part of that code. While star ratings (like 3-star, 4-star, 5-star) are a general indicator of a hotel's facilities, service level, and overall quality, they can be subjective and sometimes misleading. A 5-star hotel typically promises luxury amenities, extensive services, and impeccable attention to detail. A 3-star hotel might offer more basic amenities but still provide comfort and convenience. However, don't rely solely on the star rating. This is where guest scores come in, and they are arguably more valuable for practical decision-making. These scores, usually presented as a number out of 10 or 5 (e.g., 8.5/10 or 4.2/5), are aggregated from numerous actual guest reviews. They offer a more grounded, real-world perspective on the hotel experience. A hotel with a high star rating but a mediocre guest score might be a red flag – perhaps its service has slipped, or the reality doesn't match the fancy rating. Conversely, a 3-star hotel with an excellent guest score might offer outstanding value and a surprisingly great stay. When comparing hotels near Mumbai International Airport, look at both. Use the star rating as a baseline for the type of experience you can expect, but heavily weigh the guest score and, more importantly, the content of the recent reviews that contribute to that score. This combined approach gives you a much more accurate picture of what you're likely to experience, ensuring you find a hotel that truly fits your needs and expectations, regardless of its official star classification.
Direct Booking vs. Third-Party Sites: Which is Best?
This is a classic dilemma for travelers: should you book your hotel directly through the hotel's own website, or use a third-party booking site like Booking.com, Expedia, or Agoda? Both have their pros and cons, and the
